Mathematics Class 10 NCERT Chapter - 2 FULL EXERCISE - 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 SOLUTIONS

 CHAPTER 2

Polynomials Exercise Ex. 2.1

Solution 1

(i) The graph of P(x) does not cut the x-axis at all . So, the number of zeroes is 0.
(ii) The graph of P(x) intersects the x-axis at only 1 point.
So, the number of zeroes is 1.
(iii) The graph of P(x) intersects the x-axis at 3 points.
So, the number of zeroes is 3.
(iv)  The graph of P(x) intersects the x-axis at 2 points.
So, the number of zeroes is 2.
(v) The graph of P(x)  intersects the x-axis at 4 points.
So, the number of zeroes is 4.
(vi) The graph of P(x) intersects the x-axis at 3 points.
So, the number of zeroes is 3.

Concept insight: Since the polynomial p(x) given here is a polynomial in variable x, so to find the number of zeroes, we look at the number of points where the graph intersects or touches the x-axis and not the y-axis.

At all these points where the graph intersects x axis  the value of the polynomial y = p(x) will be zero.

CHAPTER 2

Polynomials Exercise Ex. 2.2

Solution 1

So, the zeroes of x² - 2x - 8 are 4 and -2.











Concept insight: The zero of a polynomial is that value of the variable which when substituted in the polynomial makes its value 0.

When a quadratic polynomial is equated to 0, then the values of the variable obtained are the zeroes of that polynomial. The relationship between the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial with its coefficients is very important. Also, while verifying the above relationships, be careful about the signs of the coefficients.

Solution 2

(i)    Let the required polynomial be  ax² + bx + c, and let its zeroes  and    

      

 If a = 4k, then b = -k, c = -4k

Therefore, the quadratic polynomial is k(4x ² - x - 4), where k is a real number .

One quadratic polynomial which fits the given condition is 4x ² - x - 4, when k = 1.

(ii)     Let the polynomial be  ax² + bx + c, and let its zeroes be  and   

One quadratic polynomial which fits the given condition is 3x² - 3x + 1, when k = 1.

 

(iii)    Let the polynomial be  ax² + bx + c, and let its zeroes be  and  

 

       

One quadratic polynomial which fits the given condition is x² + x, when k = 1.

(iv)    Let the polynomial be  ax² + bx + c, and let its zeroes be  and  

 

 

Therefore, the quadratic polynomial is k(x² - x + 1),where k is a real number .

One quadratic polynomial which fits the given condition is x² - x + 1, when k = 1.

(v)    Let the polynomial be ax² + bx + c, and its zeroes be  and  

Therefore, the quadratic polynomial is k(4x² + x + 1),where k is a real number .

One quadratic polynomial which fits the given condition is 4x² + x + 1,when k = 1. 

(vi)    Let the polynomial be ax² + bx + c.

 

Therefore, the quadratic polynomial is k(x² - 4x + 1),where k is a real number .

One quadratic polynomial which fits the given condition is x² - 4x + 1,when k = 1. 

Concept insight: Since the sum and product of zeroes gives 2 relations between three unknowns so we assign a value to the variable a and obtain other values.

Alternatively If the sum and the product of the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial is given then polynomial is given by  x² - (sum of the roots)x + product of the roots, where k is a constant. And the simplest polynomial will be the one in which k = 1.

CHAPTER 2

Polynomials Exercise Ex. 2.3

Solution 1

Quotient = x - 3
Remainder = 7x - 9




Quotient = x² + x - 3
Remainder = 8




Quotient = -x² - 2
Remainder = -5x + 10  

Concept insight: While dividing one polynomial by another, first arrange the polynomial  in descending powers of the variable. In the process of division, be careful about the signs of the coefficients of the terms of the polynomials. After performing division, one can check his/her answer obtained by the division algorithm which is as below:

Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder
Also, remember that the quotient obtained is a polynomial only.

Solution 2

(i) The polynomial 2t⁴ + 3t³ - 2t² - 9t - 12  can be divided by the polynomial t² - 3 = t² + 0.t - 3 as follows:


Since the remainder is 0, t² - 3 is a factor of 2t⁴ + 3t³ - 2t² - 9t - 12 .

(ii) The polynomial 3x⁴ + 5x³ - 7x² + 2x + 2 can be divided by the polynomial x² + 3x + 1 as follows:

Since the remainder is 0, x² + 3x + 1 is a factor of 3x⁴ + 5x³ - 7x² + 2x + 2

(iii) The polynomial x⁵ - 4x³ + x² + 3x + 1 can be divided by the  polynomial x³ - 3x + 1 as follows:



Since the remainder is not equal to 0, x³ - 3x + 1 is not a factor of x⁵ - 4x³ + x² + 3x + 1.

Concept insight:  A polynomial g(x) is a factor of another polynomial p(x) if the remainder obtained on dividing p(x) by g(x) is zero and  not just a constant. While changing the sign, make sure you do not change the sign of the terms which were not involved in the previous operation. For example in the first step of (iii), do not change the sign of 3x + 1.

Solution 3

Let p(x) = 3x⁴ + 6x³ - 2x² - 10x -5



Now, x² + 2x + 1 = (x + 1)²
So, the two zeroes of  x² + 2x + 1 are -1 and -1.



Concept insight: Remember that if (x - a) and (x - b) are factors of a polynomial, then (x - a)(x - b) will also be a factor of that polynomial. Also, if a is a zero of a polynomial p(x), where degree of p(x) is greater than 1, then (x - a) will be a factor of p(x), that is when p(x) is divided by (x - a), then the remainder obtained will be 0 and the quotient will be a factor of the polynomial p(x). To cross check your answer number of zeroes of the polynomial will be less than or equal to the degree of the polynomial.

Solution 4

Divided, p(x) = x³ - 3x² + x + 2
Quotient = (x - 2)
Remainder = (-2x + 4)
Let g(x) be the divisor.

According to the division algorithm,

Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder





Concept insight: When a polynomial is divided by any other non-zero polynomial, then it satisfies the division algorithm which is as below:
Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder


Divisor x Quotient = Dividend - Remainder

So, from this relation, the divisor can be obtained by dividing the result of (Dividend - Remainder) by the quotient.

Solution 5

According to the division algorithm, if p(x) and g(x) are two polynomials with g(x)  0, then we can find polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that
p(x) = g(x) x q(x) + r(x), where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x).

(i)    Degree of quotient will be equal to degree of dividend when divisor is constant.
Let us consider the division of 18x² + 3x + 9  by 3.
Here, p(x) = 18x² + 3x + 9  and g(x) = 3
q(x) = 6x² + x + 3  and r(x) = 0
Here, degree of p(x) and q(x) is the same which is 2.


Checking:
p(x) = g(x) x q(x) + r(x)

Thus, the division algorithm is satisfied.

(ii)    Let us consider the division of 2x⁴ + 2x by 2x³,
Here, p(x) = 2x⁴ + 2x and g(x) = 2x³
q(x) = x and r(x) = 2x
Clearly, the degree of q(x) and r(x) is the same which is 1.

Checking,
p(x) = g(x) x q(x) + r(x)
2x⁴ + 2x =  (2x³ ) x x  + 2x
2x⁴ + 2x = 2x⁴ + 2x
Thus, the division algorithm is satisfied.

(iii)    Degree of remainder will be 0 when remainder obtained on division is a constant.
Let us consider the division of 10x³ + 3 by 5x².
Here, p(x) = 10x³ + 3 and g(x) = 5x²
q(x) = 2x and r(x) = 3
Clearly, the degree of r(x) is 0.

Checking:
p(x) = g(x) x q(x) + r(x)
10x³ + 3 = (5x² ) x 2x  +  3
10x³ + 3 = 10x³ + 3
Thus, the division algorithm is satisfied.

Concept insight: In order to answer such type of questions, one should remember the division algorithm. Also, remember the condition on the remainder polynomial r(x). The polynomial r(x) is either 0 or its degree is strictly less than g(x). The answer may not be unique in all the cases because there can be multiple polynomials which satisfies  the given conditions.

CHAPTER 2

Polynomials Exercise Ex. 2.4

Solution 1

On comparing the given polynomial with the polynomial ax³ + bx² + cx + d, we obtain a = 2, b = 1, c = -5, d = 2



Thus, the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients is verified.



On comparing the given polynomial with the polynomial ax_³ + bx_² + cx + d, we obtain a = 1, b = -4, c = 5, d = -2.



Thus, the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients is verified.

Concept insight: The zero of a polynomial is that value of the variable which makes the polynomial 0. Remember that there are three  relationships between the zeroes of a cubic polynomial and its coefficients which involve the sum of zeroes, product of all zeroes and the product of zeroes taken two at a time.

Solution 2

Let the polynomial be ax^₃  + bx^₂ + cx + d and its zeroes be   .
According to the given information:



If a = k, then b = -2k, c = -7k, d = 14k

Thus, the required cubic polynomial is k(x^₃ - 2x^₂ - 7x + 14), where k is any real number.
The simplest polynomial will be obtained by taking k = 1.

Concept insight: A cubic polynomial involves four unknowns and we have three relations involving these unknowns, so the coefficients of the cubic polynomial can be found by assuming the value of one unknown and then finding the other three unknowns from the three relations.

Solution 3

Let p(x) = x³ - 3x² + x + 1
The zeroes of the polynomial p(x) are given as a - b, a, a + b.
Comparing the given polynomial with dx³ + ex² + fx + g, we can observe that
d = 1, e = -3, f = 1, g = 1





Therefore, the zeroes of p(x) are 1-b, 1, 1+b .



Concept insight: When the polynomial and its zeroes are given then, remember to apply relationships between the zeroes and coefficients .
These relations  involve the sum of the zeroes, product of zeroes and the product of zeroes taken two at a time.

Solution 4

Therefore, x^₂ - 4x + 1 is a factor of the given polynomial.

For finding the remaining zeroes of the given polynomial, we will carry out the division of



Hence, 7 and -5 are also zeroes of the given polynomial.

Concept insight: If a is a zero of a polynomial p(x), where degree of p(x) is greater than 1, then (x - a) will be a factor of p(x) that is when p(x) is divided by (x - a), then the remainder obtained will be 0 and the quotient will be a factor of p(x) using division algorithm.  Remember that if (x - a) and (x - b) are factors of a polynomial, then (x - a)(x - b) will also be a factor of that polynomial.

Solution 5

By division algorithm,
Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder
Divisor x Quotient = Dividend - Remainder





It will be perfectly divisible by x^₂ - 2x + k.




10 - a - 8 x 5 + 25 = 0
10 - a - 40 + 25 = 0
- 5 - a = 0
a = -5

Thus, k = 5 and a = -5.

Concept insight: When a polynomial is divided by any non-zero polynomial, then it satisfies the division algorithm which is as below:
Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder

Divisor x Quotient = Dividend - Remainder

So, from this relation, it can be said that the result (Dividend - Remainder) will be completely divisible by the divisor.